Publications
Kinsman, L. & Frimer, J. A. (in press). A psychological profile of extreme Trump supporters. In J. W. van Prooijen (ed.) Political Polarization. Routledge. download
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2020). Are politically diverse dinners shorter than politically uniform ones? PLoS ONE 15(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239988 link
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2020). Americans hold their political leaders to a higher discursive standard than rank-and-file co-partisans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 86. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103907 download
Frimer, J. A. (2019). Do liberals and conservatives use different moral languages? Two replications and six extensions of Graham, Haidt, and Nosek’s (2009) moral text analysis. Journal of Research in Personality. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103906 download
Mallinas, S., Crawford, J. & Frimer, J. A. (2019). Sub-Components of Right-Wing Authoritarianism differentially predict attitudes toward obeying authorities. Social Psychological and Personality Science. doi: 10.1177/1948550619843926 download
Frimer, J. A. (2019). Does the left hair part look better (or worse) than the right? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 326-334. doi: 10.1177/1948550618762500 download
Frimer, J. A., Brandt, M. J., Melton, Z., & Motyl, M. (2019). Extremists on the left and right use angry, negative language. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(8), 1216-1231. doi: 10.1177/0146167218809705 download methods supplemental materials
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2018). The Montagu Principle. Incivility decreases politicians' public approval, even with their political base. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(5), 845-866. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000140 download
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2018). Political diversity reduces Thanksgiving Dinners by 4-11 minutes, not 30-50 [letter to the editor]. Science, 6392. doi: 10.1126/science.aaq1433 link
Frimer, J. A. (2018). Moral heroes are puppets. In K. Gray & J. Graham (Eds.), The Atlas of Moral Psychology. (pp. 252-257) New York: Guilford Press. download
Frimer, J. A., Skitka, L. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another’s opinions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003 download supplemental materials
Decter-Frain, A., Vanstone, R., & Frimer, J. A. (2017). Why and how do moralistic groups create heroes? In Allison, S. T., Goethals, G. R., & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.) Handbook of heroism and heroic leadership. (pp. 120-138) New York: Routledge. download
Frimer, J. A., Motyl, M., & Tell, C. E. (2016). Sacralizing liberals and fair-minded conservatives: Ideological symmetry in the moral motives in the Culture War. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. doi: 10.1111/asap.12127 download
Frimer, J. A. (2016). Groups create moral superheroes to defend sacred values. In J. Forgas, P. van Lange, & L. Jussim. The Social Psychology of Morality. (pp. 304-315) New York: Psychology Press. download
Decter-Frain, A. & Frimer, J. A. (2016). Impressive words: Linguistic predictors of public approval of the U.S. Congress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00240. download
Frimer, J. A. & Sinclair, L. (2016). Moral heroes look up and to the viewer’s right. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 400-410. doi: 10.1177/0146167215626707 download supplemental materials
Frimer, J. A., Aquino, K., Gebauer, J. E., Zhu, L. & Oakes, H. (2015). A decline in prosocial language helps explain public disapproval of the U.S. Congress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 6591-6594. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500355112 download supporting information
Frimer, J. A., Tell, C. E. & Haidt, J. (2015). Liberals condemn sacrilege too: The harmless desecration of Cerro Torre. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 878-886. doi: 10.1177/1948550615597974 download supporting information
Walker, L. J. & Frimer, J. A. (2015). Developmental trajectories of agency and communion in moral motivation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61, 412-439. doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.3.0412 download
Kurt, D. & Frimer, J. A. (2015). Agency and communion as a framework to understand consumer behavior. In M. Norton, D. Rucker & C. Lamberton (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology. (pp. 446-475) Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. download
Frimer, J. A., Gaucher, D. & Schaefer, N. K. (2014). Political conservatives’ affinity for obedience to authority is loyal, not blind. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1205-1214. doi: 10.1177/0146167214538672 download
Frimer, J. A., Schaefer, N. K., & Oakes, H. (2014). Moral actor, selfish agent. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 790-802. doi:10.1037/a0036040 download
Frimer, J. A. & Oakes, H. (2014). Spoken words reveal selfish motives: An individual difference approach to moral motivation. In H. Sarkissian & J. C. Wright (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Moral Psychology: Affect, Character, and Commitments. (pp. 36-54). London, UK: Bloomsbury. download
Frimer, J. A., Biesanz, J. C., Walker, L. J., & MacKinlay, C. W. (2013). Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 1040-1059. doi:10.1037/a0032277 download
Frimer, J. A., Walker, L. J., Riches, A., Lee, B., & Dunlop, W. L. (2012). Hierarchical integration of agency and communion: A study of influential moral figures. Journal of Personality, 80, 1117-1145. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00764.x download
Frimer, J. A., Walker, L. J., Dunlop, W. L., Lee, B., & Riches, A. (2011). The integration of agency and communion in moral personality: Evidence of enlightened self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 149-163. doi:10.1037/a0023780 download
Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2011). Paradigm assumptions about moral behavior: An empirical battle royal. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 275-292). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13091-015 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2011). The science of moral development. In M. K. Underwood & L. H. Rosen (Eds.), Social development: Relationships in infancy, childhood, and adolescence (pp. 235-262). New York: Guilford Press. download
Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2010). Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism. Journal of Personality, 78, 907-942. doi:10.1111/j14676494201000637x download
Frimer, J. A. & Walker, L. J. (2009). Reconciling the self and morality: An empirical model of moral centrality development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1669-1681. doi:10.1037/a0017418 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2009). “The song remains the same”: Rebuttal to Sherblom’s re-envisioning of the legacy of the care challenge. Journal of Moral Education, 38, 53-68. doi:10.1080/03057240802601599 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2009). Moral personality exemplified. In D. Narvaez & D. K. Lapsley (Eds.), Personality, identity and character: Explorations in moral psychology (pp. 232-255). New York: Cambridge University Press. download
Frimer, J. A., & Walker, L. J. (2008). Towards a new paradigm of moral personhood. Journal of Moral Education, 37, 333-356. doi:10.1080/03057240802227494 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2008). Being good for goodness’ sake: Transcendence in the lives of moral heroes. In F. K. Oser & W. M. M. H. Veugelers (Eds.), Getting involved: Global citizenship development and sources of moral values (pp. 309-326). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers. download
Frimer, J. A. (2008). Self-understanding (stages of). In F. C. Power, R. J. Nuzzi, D. Narvaez, D. K. Lapsley, & T. C. Hunt (Eds.), Moral education: A handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 402-404). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 845-860. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.845 download
Walker, L. J., Gustafson, P., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). The application of Bayesian analysis to issues in developmental research. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 366-373. doi:10.1177/0165025407077763 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2006). [Review of the book Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 51. Moral motivation through the life span]. Journal of Moral Education, 35, 271-274.
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2020). Are politically diverse dinners shorter than politically uniform ones? PLoS ONE 15(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239988 link
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2020). Americans hold their political leaders to a higher discursive standard than rank-and-file co-partisans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 86. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103907 download
Frimer, J. A. (2019). Do liberals and conservatives use different moral languages? Two replications and six extensions of Graham, Haidt, and Nosek’s (2009) moral text analysis. Journal of Research in Personality. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103906 download
Mallinas, S., Crawford, J. & Frimer, J. A. (2019). Sub-Components of Right-Wing Authoritarianism differentially predict attitudes toward obeying authorities. Social Psychological and Personality Science. doi: 10.1177/1948550619843926 download
Frimer, J. A. (2019). Does the left hair part look better (or worse) than the right? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 326-334. doi: 10.1177/1948550618762500 download
Frimer, J. A., Brandt, M. J., Melton, Z., & Motyl, M. (2019). Extremists on the left and right use angry, negative language. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(8), 1216-1231. doi: 10.1177/0146167218809705 download methods supplemental materials
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2018). The Montagu Principle. Incivility decreases politicians' public approval, even with their political base. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(5), 845-866. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000140 download
Frimer, J. A. & Skitka, L. J. (2018). Political diversity reduces Thanksgiving Dinners by 4-11 minutes, not 30-50 [letter to the editor]. Science, 6392. doi: 10.1126/science.aaq1433 link
Frimer, J. A. (2018). Moral heroes are puppets. In K. Gray & J. Graham (Eds.), The Atlas of Moral Psychology. (pp. 252-257) New York: Guilford Press. download
Frimer, J. A., Skitka, L. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another’s opinions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003 download supplemental materials
Decter-Frain, A., Vanstone, R., & Frimer, J. A. (2017). Why and how do moralistic groups create heroes? In Allison, S. T., Goethals, G. R., & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.) Handbook of heroism and heroic leadership. (pp. 120-138) New York: Routledge. download
Frimer, J. A., Motyl, M., & Tell, C. E. (2016). Sacralizing liberals and fair-minded conservatives: Ideological symmetry in the moral motives in the Culture War. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. doi: 10.1111/asap.12127 download
Frimer, J. A. (2016). Groups create moral superheroes to defend sacred values. In J. Forgas, P. van Lange, & L. Jussim. The Social Psychology of Morality. (pp. 304-315) New York: Psychology Press. download
Decter-Frain, A. & Frimer, J. A. (2016). Impressive words: Linguistic predictors of public approval of the U.S. Congress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00240. download
Frimer, J. A. & Sinclair, L. (2016). Moral heroes look up and to the viewer’s right. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 400-410. doi: 10.1177/0146167215626707 download supplemental materials
Frimer, J. A., Aquino, K., Gebauer, J. E., Zhu, L. & Oakes, H. (2015). A decline in prosocial language helps explain public disapproval of the U.S. Congress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 6591-6594. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500355112 download supporting information
Frimer, J. A., Tell, C. E. & Haidt, J. (2015). Liberals condemn sacrilege too: The harmless desecration of Cerro Torre. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 878-886. doi: 10.1177/1948550615597974 download supporting information
Walker, L. J. & Frimer, J. A. (2015). Developmental trajectories of agency and communion in moral motivation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61, 412-439. doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.3.0412 download
Kurt, D. & Frimer, J. A. (2015). Agency and communion as a framework to understand consumer behavior. In M. Norton, D. Rucker & C. Lamberton (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology. (pp. 446-475) Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. download
Frimer, J. A., Gaucher, D. & Schaefer, N. K. (2014). Political conservatives’ affinity for obedience to authority is loyal, not blind. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1205-1214. doi: 10.1177/0146167214538672 download
Frimer, J. A., Schaefer, N. K., & Oakes, H. (2014). Moral actor, selfish agent. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 790-802. doi:10.1037/a0036040 download
Frimer, J. A. & Oakes, H. (2014). Spoken words reveal selfish motives: An individual difference approach to moral motivation. In H. Sarkissian & J. C. Wright (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Moral Psychology: Affect, Character, and Commitments. (pp. 36-54). London, UK: Bloomsbury. download
Frimer, J. A., Biesanz, J. C., Walker, L. J., & MacKinlay, C. W. (2013). Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 1040-1059. doi:10.1037/a0032277 download
Frimer, J. A., Walker, L. J., Riches, A., Lee, B., & Dunlop, W. L. (2012). Hierarchical integration of agency and communion: A study of influential moral figures. Journal of Personality, 80, 1117-1145. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00764.x download
Frimer, J. A., Walker, L. J., Dunlop, W. L., Lee, B., & Riches, A. (2011). The integration of agency and communion in moral personality: Evidence of enlightened self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 149-163. doi:10.1037/a0023780 download
Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2011). Paradigm assumptions about moral behavior: An empirical battle royal. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 275-292). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13091-015 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2011). The science of moral development. In M. K. Underwood & L. H. Rosen (Eds.), Social development: Relationships in infancy, childhood, and adolescence (pp. 235-262). New York: Guilford Press. download
Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2010). Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism. Journal of Personality, 78, 907-942. doi:10.1111/j14676494201000637x download
Frimer, J. A. & Walker, L. J. (2009). Reconciling the self and morality: An empirical model of moral centrality development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1669-1681. doi:10.1037/a0017418 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2009). “The song remains the same”: Rebuttal to Sherblom’s re-envisioning of the legacy of the care challenge. Journal of Moral Education, 38, 53-68. doi:10.1080/03057240802601599 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2009). Moral personality exemplified. In D. Narvaez & D. K. Lapsley (Eds.), Personality, identity and character: Explorations in moral psychology (pp. 232-255). New York: Cambridge University Press. download
Frimer, J. A., & Walker, L. J. (2008). Towards a new paradigm of moral personhood. Journal of Moral Education, 37, 333-356. doi:10.1080/03057240802227494 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2008). Being good for goodness’ sake: Transcendence in the lives of moral heroes. In F. K. Oser & W. M. M. H. Veugelers (Eds.), Getting involved: Global citizenship development and sources of moral values (pp. 309-326). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers. download
Frimer, J. A. (2008). Self-understanding (stages of). In F. C. Power, R. J. Nuzzi, D. Narvaez, D. K. Lapsley, & T. C. Hunt (Eds.), Moral education: A handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 402-404). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 845-860. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.845 download
Walker, L. J., Gustafson, P., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). The application of Bayesian analysis to issues in developmental research. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 366-373. doi:10.1177/0165025407077763 download
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2006). [Review of the book Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 51. Moral motivation through the life span]. Journal of Moral Education, 35, 271-274.